bim是如何改造传统施工变更管理的-pg电子游戏官网入口
发布时间：
2018-07-06
bim应用于施工变更管理的关键就是流程的再造，施工零变更这只是一个美好的愿景，但是将变更管理流程由传统的低效、周期长、成本高改造成高效、时效性、造价的动态控制、有序管理，将更能发挥bim的价值。 设计变更和现场签证两者的性质是截然不同的，现场签证是指业主与承包商根据合同约定，就工程施工过程中涉及合同价之外的实施额外施工内容所作的签认证明，具有临时性和无规律性等特点，涉及面广，如设计变更、隐蔽工
bim应用于施工变更管理的关键就是流程的再造，施工零变更这只是一个美好的愿景，但是将变更管理流程由传统的低效、周期长、成本高改造成高效、时效性、造价的动态控制、有序管理，将更能发挥bim的价值。
设计变更和现场签证两者的性质是截然不同的，现场签证是指业主与承包商根据合同约定，就工程施工过程中涉及合同价之外的实施额外施工内容所作的签认证明，具有临时性和无规律性等特点，涉及面广，如设计变更、隐蔽工程、材料代用、施工条件变化等，它是影响工程造价的关键因素之一。凡属设计变更的范畴，必须按设计变更处理，而不能以现场签证解决。
工程变更的因素
1.发包方原因：业主本身的需求发生变化，工程规模、使用功能、工艺流程、质量标准的变化，以及工期改变等合同内容的调整。变更是必然的，特别是精装。业主看到的施工结果与他想要的东西发生偏差，业主看图纸看模型感觉不出好坏，做了样板房必然会有更改，甚至正式工程因为效果不理想不满意而推倒重来，这种更改的时间是无法掌控的。
2.设计方原因：设计错漏、设计不到位、设计调整、规范标准发生改变、因自然因素及其他因素而进行的设计改变以及现场条件与设计不符无法施工等。
3.承包商原因：因施工质量或安全需要变更施工方法、作业顺序和施工工艺等原因的；有遇到突发情况和特殊地质情况原因的；有为了方便施工节约人工成本这个原因的；还有通过设计变更而进行重新报价以弥补低投标报价的损失的；也有施工发生错误而不得已要求设计变更，使错误具有合法性的。
4.监理方原因：监理工程师出于工程协调和对工程目标控制有利的考虑，而提出的施工工艺、施工顺序的变更；
5.其他原因：不可预见的自然因素导致的变更；工程外部环境和建筑风格发生变化导致的工程变更；原订合同部分条款因客观条件变化，需要结合实际修正和补充，如地质原因引起的设计变更等。
工程变更的对策
造价师应在变更前对变更内容进行测算和造价分析，即使没有蓝图也能根据概念和说明进行专业判断、变更必要性分析和综合平衡，即功能增加与造价增加之间寻求新的平衡。评估设计变更的成本效应，对设计变更提供工程造价费用增减估算给集团合约采购部，为询标人事先的变更决定及变更后的预算调整提供依据。根据实际情况和地方法规标准及定额标准配合甲方做好项目施工索赔内容合情合理的裁决、判断、审定、最终测算及核算。审核、评估承包商、供货商提出的索赔，分析、评估合同中甲方提出的反索赔。
bim在工程变更方面的应用
更改的时间和因素可能是无法掌控的，但变更管理可以减少变更带来的工期和成本的增加。
设计变更直接影响工程造价，施工过程中反复变更待图导致工期和成本的增加，而变更管理不善导致进一步的变更，使得成本和工期目标处于失控状态。bim（建筑信息模型）应用有望改变这一局面。
bim能增加设计协同能力，更容易发现问题，从而减少各专业间冲突。一个工程项目设计涉及总图、建筑、结构、给排水、电气、暖通、动力，除此之外包括许多专业分包如幕墙、网架、钢结构、智能化、景观绿化等，他们之间如何交流协调协同？用bim协调流程进行协调综合，那么协调综合过程中的不合理方案或问题方案也就不会出现了，使设计变更大大减少。bim技术可以做到真正意义上的协同修改，大大节省开发项目的成本。bim技术改变以往“隔断式”设计方式、依赖人工协调项目内容和分段交流的合作模式而变成平行、交互的方式。我们发现单个专业自己的图纸本身发生错误的比例较小，设计各专业之间的不协调、设计和施工之间的不协调是设计变更的主要原因。而通过bim应用的协调综合功能可以解决掉这些问题。
在施工阶段，即使发生变更，如果是共享bim模型，用bim进行管理，就可以实现对设计变更的有效管理和动态控制。通过设计模型文件数据关联和远程更新，建筑信息模型随设计变更而即时更新，消除信息传递障碍，减少设计师与业主、监理、承包商、供应商间的信息传输和交互时间，从而使索赔签证管理更有时效性，实现造价的动态控制和有序管理。
对于频繁变更，工程从业人员也早已见怪不怪习以为常了。工程变更所造成的影响是全方位而非局部的，尤其是对工程造价进度质量影响尤为深远。然而，当下许多项目工程变更管理极为混乱，毫无章法和条理，因而工程变更更多是带来许多负面影响。
设计变更不仅只是设计师一个人的痛苦，施工人员和造价师等的劳动成果也将付诸东流而变成无效劳动。以往由于信息滞后，收到变更之时也是施工完成之时，只好推倒重来，浪费是惊人的。造价工程师也常为此非常苦恼，刚刚计算完成又发生设计变更，只好重新计算，这种情况容易打消团队的积极性，bim技术的应用越来越成熟的明天，这样的局面即将会被改变。
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