为民营建企健康发展保驾护航-pg电子游戏官网入口
发布时间：
2020-03-02
2019年12月22日，中共中央、国务院正式印发了《意见》，这对于企业数量在行业占绝大多数的民营建筑业企业（以下简称“民营建企”）来说，无疑是莫大的鼓舞和政策支持。《意见》共分8个方面、28条，通篇体现了营造“三个环境”（市场环境、政策环境、法制环境）、确保“三个平等”（权利平等、机会平等、规则平等）的支持民营企业改革发展的基本原则，让民营建企吃了定心丹。
1.进一步规范市场行为和打破市场壁垒。
《意见》第3条要求：“进一步放开民营企业市场的准入。”尽管行业主管部门三令五申，不得在市场准入方面设置门槛，但是许多地区我行我素，照样为了税源，强令企业必须在项目所在地单独成立子公司（或分公司），让外向型的建筑业企业（不仅限于民营企业）苦不堪言。有企业打电话向协会反映，为了市场开拓，现在全集团已有几百个单独账户，让企业无法进行统一的财务管理。《意见》第3条不仅明确规定深化“放管服”改革，进一步精简市场准入行政审批事项，而且要求“全面落实放宽民营企业市场准入的政策措施，持续跟踪，定期评估市场准入有关政策落实情况，全面排查、系统清理各种显性和隐性壁垒”，把目前建筑市场准入上显性的各项“审批”和隐性的各种“备案”，都装进笼子里。同样是这第3条，明确要求“在电力、电信、铁路、石油、天然气等重点行业和领域，放开竞争性业务，进一步引入市场竞争机制”。过去这些行业的施工企业，由于行业垄断，可以涉足房建、市政项目，但民营建企对这些行业里的项目只能是望而却步，虽然是属于竞争业务，但系统外的民营建企直接被排斥在招投标大门之外。《意见》的发布，要求“上述行业、领域相关职能部门要研究制定民营企业分行业、分领域、分业务市场准入具体路径和办法，明确路线图和时间表。”由此可见，打破行业垄断不是想干不想干、愿意不愿意的问题，是必须干的问题，必须限定时间落到实处。
《意见》第6条“破除招投标隐性壁垒”中，明确“对依法依规完成的招标，不得以中标企业性质为由对招标责任人进行追责”。这条像是为民营建企量身打造的一样。江苏省有2家知名民营建企在外省按照程序分别中标了2个当地的地标性工程项目，结果因当地领导干预，使得中标企业无法在项目所在地注册备案，而被迫撤出队伍。当时项目招标人也知道不合理，但顶不住领导的压力，违心做了违规的事。该企业在当地交涉无果，向江苏省有关主管部门申诉，但也改变不了既成事实。
2.切实减轻企业负担。
《意见》第7条专门讲了“进一步减轻企业税费负担”。近年来，国家在减税降费方面做了大量工作，但对于建筑行业，“切实落实更大规模减税降费，实施好降低增值税税率”显得尤为重要。望税务主管部门多听取民营建企的呼声，把减税降费落到实处。第7条中“扩大享受税收优惠小微企业范围、加大研发费用加计扣除力度、降低社保费率等政策，实质性降低企业负担”，解决了企业一大难题。中国建筑业企业中，大部分是民营建企，民营建企大部分又是中小企业，在国家整个经济下行压力加大的大背景下，民营建企的小微企业很多都是步履维艰，有的撑不下去只好破产。现在国家对小微企业加大减税降费的力度，无疑是阳光雨露，帮助小微企业度过难关。
《意见》第8~10条集中规定了银行业和金融机构在支持民营企业方面的行为。要求进一步降低民营和小微企业综合融资成本，并且专门强调了以下内容：“民营企业、中小企业以应收账款申请担保融资的，国家机关、事业单位和大型企业等应付款方应当及时确认债权债务关系。”“推动抵质押登记流程简便化、标准化、规范化，建立统一的动产和权利担保登记公示系统。”“以市场化方式增信支持民营企业融资。”这些都是为民营企业办好事办实事的举措。笔者在调研过程中，有企业反映了这个共性问题，一方面是企业账面上有数以亿计、甚至几十亿元经确认的应收账款；另一方面却因应收账款抵押贷款的程序、渠道不通畅、从银行贷不到款，让企业资金周转极其困难，甚至无可奈何去借高利贷。国家有了明确意见，以后施工企业可以合理合法地用应收账款作担保，向银行申请贷款，解决资金燃眉之急。
《意见》第10条“建立清理和防止拖欠账款长效机制”，提出“加快及时支付款项有关立法，建立拖欠账款问题约束惩戒机制”，这对于建筑业企业来说，就是从源头解决拖欠工程款问题，可以杜绝事前拍脑袋决策、事中拍胸脯保证、事后拍屁股走人的“三拍”行为以及为了个人政绩、不负责任上项目的歪风邪气。
3.为企业建立放心的营商环境和改革发展氛围。
《意见》第12、13条从“健全平等保护的法制环境”着手，加大对民营企业的刑事保护力度，依法惩治侵犯民营企业投资者、管理者和从业人员合法权益的违法犯罪行为。多年来，多数中小民营企业（民营建企不在少数）被黑恶势力及其保护伞欺负，有了国家层面的健全执法司法对民营企业的平等保护机制和专门保护民营企业及企业家合法财产的明文规定，遏制了地方保护主义的执法不公现象。
《意见》第14~17条，为鼓励引导民营企业改革创新指明了方向。对于民营建企来说，除了在建立治理结构合理、股东行为规范、内部约束有效、运行高效灵活的现代企业制度上加快步伐，还应在加强创新和转型升级优化重组方面做文章。从江苏省一批经过不断改革和深化改革发展势头好和潜力大的民营建企的案例来看，因地制宜围绕建筑业主业加快转型升级的路子是正确的。山西运城建工集团学习江苏同行经验，结合自身特点进行产权制度改革、治理结构创新，用5~6年时间把一个从改制前年利润300万元的小型企业，发展成为2018年年利润达4490万元的集团企业。下一步，有条件的民营建企应该积极参与国有企业的改革，努力打造优势互补的国有和民营的混合所有制企业。江苏省建集团及北京城建亚泰公司的所有制混合改革成功经验可以借鉴。
《意见》第7部分重点要求构建亲清政商关系。笔者比较推崇浙江东阳市政府和建筑行业主管部门创新对民营建企的服务模式，即“店小二”服务中心，为建筑业企业实行一站式服务。《意见》为了让政策落地，提出实行强有力的组织保障，建立健全民营企业党建工作机制、完善支持民营企业改革发展工作机制、健全舆论引导和示范引领工作机制，特别是提出“将支持民营企业发展相关指标纳入高质量发展绩效评价体系”。有国家对民营企业改革发展的保驾护航，建筑业营商环境必将进一步得到改善。
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